Citations and References

Roberts, M. (2024, Jul 09). Rehabilitation versus punishment: How American prisons contribute to recidivism. Bangor Daily News
https://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/rehabilitation-versus-punishment-how-american/docview/3077970753/se-2

Jones, C. G. A., & Weatherburn, D. J. (2011). Willingness to Pay for Rehabilitation Versus Punishment to Reduce Adult and Juvenile Crime. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 9-27,4. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2011.tb00203.x

Arseneau, K. (2023, Sep 03). Replacing punishment with rehabilitation: Treatment courts not just a 'get-out-of-jail-free' card. The Post – Crescent

https://ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/replacing-punishment-with-rehabilitation/docview/2860003227/se-2

Alliance, F. S. (2024, May 2). Rehabilitation Lessons from Norway’s Prison System. First Step Alliance. https://www.firststepalliance.org/post/norway-prison-system-lessons

BBC News. (2019, July 6). How Norway turns criminals into good neighbours. https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-48885846

Bryant, E. (2023, October 24). Why Punishing People in Jail and Prison Isn’t Working. Vera. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.vera.org/news/why-punishing-people-in-jail-and-prison-isnt-working

Conway, J. M., Ph. D., & Jones, E. T. (2015). Seven out of ten? Not even close.: A review of research on the likelihood of children with incarcerated parents becoming Justice-Involved. Institute for Municipal and Regional Policy -The Children with Incarcerated Parents Initiative. Retrieved February 5, 2025, from https://imrp.dpp.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3351/2021/09/March-2015-Seven-out-of-ten.pdf

Denny, M. (2016). Norway’s Prison System: Investigating Recidivism and Reintegration. Bridges: A Journal of Student Research, 10, 2. https://digitalcommons.coastal.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=bridges

Peterson, B., Cramer, L., Goff, M., & Sandstrom, H. (2017, May 2). How prison and jail visits can build stronger families. Urban Institute. Retrieved February 5, 2025, from https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/how-prison-and-jail-visits-can-build-stronger-families 

Punishment vs. Rehabilitation: A Proposal for Revising Sentencing Practices | Office of Justice Programs. (n.d.). https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/punishment-vs-rehabilitation-proposal-revising-sentencing-practices 

The California Wellness Foundation. (2020, August 10). What I learned Touring prisons in Finland and Norway - The California Wellness Foundation. https://www.calwellness.org/stories/lessons-prisons-finland-norway/

Harris, C. T., Steffensmeier, D., Ulmer, J. T., & Painter-Davis, N. (2009). Are Blacks and Hispanics Disproportionately Incarcerated Relative to Their Arrests? Racial and Ethnic Disproportionality Between Arrest and Incarceration. Race and social problems, 1(4), 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-009-9019-x 

Coppola F. (2019). The brain in solitude: an (other) eighth amendment challenge to solitary confinement. Journal of law and the biosciences, 6(1), 184–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsz014

Charles, P., Muentner, L., & Kjellstrand, J. (2019). Parenting and Incarceration: Perspectives on Father-Child Involvement during Reentry from Prison. The Social service review, 93(2), 218–261. https://doi.org/10.1086/7034846

Blanco-Suarez, E., PhD. (2019, February 27). Neurobiology shows the need to make solitary confinement more humane. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/brain-chemistry/201902/the-effects-of-solitary-confinement-on-the-brain

Federal Prisoner Statistics collected under the First Step Act, 2023 | Bureau of Justice Statistics. (n.d.). Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/federal-prisoner-statistics-collected-under-first-step-act-2023

Jails Report Series: Preliminary data release (2023) | Bureau of Justice Statistics. (n.d.). Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/jails-report-series-preliminary-data-release-2023

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Prisons Report Series: Preliminary data release, 2023 | Bureau of Justice Statistics. (n.d.). Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/prisons-report-series-preliminary-data-release-2023 

Smith, D. G. (2024, February 20). Neuroscientists Make a Case against Solitary Confinement. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/neuroscientists-make-a-case-against-solitary-confinement/ 

The Sentencing Project. (2024, June 20). Research - Get the Facts - the sentencing project. https://www.sentencingproject.org/research/ 

Yen, R. (2024, November 8). Women's Justice: A Preliminary Assessment of Women in the Criminal Justice System - Council on Criminal. My WordPress. https://counciloncj.org/womens-justice-a-preliminary-assessment-of-women-in-the-criminal-justice-system/ 

Admin. (n.d.). The Greenspace Project – Rehabilitation through Beautification. The Greenspace Project. https://www.greenspace-project.com/ 

Prison gangs. (2023, November 15). https://www.justice.gov/archives/criminal/criminal-vcrs/gallery/prison-gangs 

Prison gangs in the United States | EBSCO. (n.d.). EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | www.ebsco.com. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/prison-gangs-united-states 

Prison overcrowding - Penal Reform International. (2021, May 20). Penal Reform International. https://www.penalreform.org/issues/prison-conditions/key-facts/overcrowding/ 

Children in adult prison. (2023, July 25). Equal Justice Initiative. https://eji.org/issues/children-in-prison/ 

Initiative, P. P. (2021, May 13). Research Roundup: Incarceration can cause lasting damage to mental health. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2021/05/13/mentalhealthimpacts/

National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2024, May 6). Mental health treatment while incarcerated | NAMI. NAMI. https://www.nami.org/advocacy/policy-priorities/improving-health/mental-health-treatment-while-incarcerated/ 

News-Medical. (2022, December 29). Prisoner post traumatic stress. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Prisoner-Post-Traumatic-Stress.aspx 

Austin, M. K., White, I. I., & Kim, A. W. (2021). Parental incarceration and child physical health outcomes from infancy to adulthood: A critical review and multilevel model of potential pathways. American Journal of Human Biology, 34(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23691 

Forced prison labor in the “Land of the Free”: Rooted in Racism and Economic Exploitation: Spotlight. (n.d.). Economic Policy Institute. https://www.epi.org/publication/rooted-racism-prison-labor/

Clarke, J. G., & Simon, R. E. (2013). Shackling and Separation: Motherhood in prison. The AMA Journal of Ethic, 15(9), 779–785. https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.9.pfor2-1309

Tønseth, C., Bergsland, R., & Hui, S. K. F. (2019). Prison education in Norway – The importance for work and life after release. Cogent Education, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2019.1628408 

Initiative, P. P. (2022, February 8). New data on formerly incarcerated people’s employment reveal labor market injustices. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2022/02/08/employment/

Initiative, P. P., & Wagner, W. S. a. P. (n.d.). Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2025. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html

Angelou, M. (2024, August 12). Caged Bird. The Poetry Foundation. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/48989/caged-bird

Bird imagery and symbolism of Americans Indians. (2003, Apr 09). Indian Country Today
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Young, A. (1874, September). Birds of Ill Omen. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1874/09/birds-of-ill-omen/631055/ 

Miller, O.T. (1884, June). The Bird of Solitude. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1884/06/the-bird-of-solitude/632339/ 

Cartagenova, M. (2024, October 31). Bird Symbolism: Spiritual Signs & Meanings. wikiHow. https://www.wikihow.com/Bird-Symbolism

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Birds (In symbolism). (n.d.).
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Peacock Watches. (n.d.). The symbolism of Peacock.
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www.wisdomlib.org. (2024, October 20). Hawk: Significance and symbolism.
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Bird Symbolism & Bird Meanings List | Spiritual Meaning of Birds.(n.d.). Universe of Symbolism. https://www.universeofsymbolism.com/bird-symbolism.html 

Learn the traditional symbolism of birds in China.(n.d.). The World of Chinese. https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2022/04/birds-and-their-meanings-in-china/ 

“The Art Assignment | Cases for Political Art | Season 3 | Episode 38 | PBS.” PBS.org, 15 Dec. 2016, www.pbs.org/video/cases-for-political-art-ugtmgc.

BRIC Arts Media. (2023, December 15). Jenny Polak: Homeward Bound | BRIC. BRIC. https://bricartsmedia.org/exhibition/jenny-polak-homeward-bound/?utm_source=hyperallergic&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=bric-b-side 

Jenny Polak – _art. (n.d.). https://www.jennypolak.com/ 

Johnson, A. (2024, February 9). Walls Turned Sideways: Artists confront the Justice System | Contemporary Arts Museum Houston. Contemporary Arts Museum Houston |. https://camh.org/event/walls-turned-sideways-artists-confront-the-justice-system/ 

Pennants & Poets – Jenny Polak. (n.d.). https://www.jennypolak.com/portfolio_page/pennants-poets/ 

Stigler, B. (2024, January 6). How art changed visual artist Jenny Polak. ALL ARTS. https://www.allarts.org/2024/01/jenny-polak-how-art-changed-me/ 

Hank Willis Thomas | The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation. (n.d.). The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation. https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/hank-willis-thomas  

Hank Willis Thomas - Another Justice: Divided We Stand. - Exhibitions - Kayne Griffin. (n.d.). https://www.kaynegriffin.com/exhibitions/hank-willis-thomas2/selected-works?view=thumbnails  

H_a_n_k_ _W_i_l_l_i_s_ _T_h_o_m_a_s_’s_ _p_e_r_s_o_n_a_l_ _w_e_b_s_i_t_e_. (n.d.). Hank Willis Thomas. https://hankwillisthomas.com/  

Miller, M. H. (2021, April 12). Friends Who Are Family. New York Times–Times Magazine. Retrieved January 20, 2025, from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/12/t-magazine/hank-willis-thomas-family.html  

Vartanian, H., & Vartanian, H. (2020, November 5). Hank Willis Thomas gives an infamous modern art diagram a postcolonial update. Hyperallergic. https://hyperallergic.com/591487/alfred-h-barr-jr-modern-art-chart-postcolonial/ 

About Huma House. (n.d.). HUMA HOUSE. https://huma-house.org/omidmokri  

De Jesus, J. (2016, September 6). P_l_e_a_s_a_n_t_ _H_i_l_l_:_ _D_V_C_ _A_r_t_ _G_a_l_l_e_r_y_ _e_x_h_i_b_i_t_s_ _p_r_i_s_o_n_ _i_n_m_a_t_e_’s_ _works. East Bay Times. https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/09/06/pleasant-hill-dvc-art-gallery-exhibits-prison-inmates-works/  

Headlands Center for the Arts. (2024, October 8). Omid Mokri - Headlands Center for the Arts. Headlands Center for the Arts -. https://www.headlands.org/artist/omid-mokri/   

Omid Mokri. (n.d.). https://omidmokri.com/   

Omid Mokri, Hidden Crowns Exhibition — _Huma Gallery. (n.d.). Huma Gallery. https://www.humagallery.com/omid-mokri-hidden-crowns-exhibition   

Eler, Alicia, and Alicia Eler. What’s in an image, really? Pioneering artist Martha Rosler transfixes Mpls. audience. 7 Apr. 2017, www.startribune.com/what-s-in-an-image-really-pioneering-artist-martha-rosler-transfixes-mpls-audience/418651683. 

INTERVIEW with MARTHA ROSLER, The Artist Who Speaks Softly but Carries a Big Shtick. https://archive.pinupmagazine.org/articles/interview-with-brooklyn-artist-martha-rosler-jewish-museum-nyc-survey-show. 

Toro, Lauren Boyle Solomon Chase, Marco Roso, Nick Scholl, David. “Onwards and Upwards.” DIS Magazine, https://dismagazine.com/discussion/83614/onwards-upwards/.

Davidadey.com. (n.d.). https://www.davidadey.com/ 

Goshka Macuga | 14 September - 27 October 2012 - Installation views. (n.d.). Kate MacGarry. https://www.katemacgarry.com/exhibitions/104-goshka-macuga/installation_shots/ 

Goshka Macuga, Andrew Kreps Gallery. (n.d.). Ocula. Retrieved March 2, 2025, from https://ocula.com/art-galleries/andrew-kreps-gallery/artists/goshka-macuga/ 

Goshka Macuga, MoMA. (2019). Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved March 11, 2025, from https://www.moma.org/artists/131293-goshka-macuga 

martha rosler. (n.d.). Martha Rosler. https://www.martharosler.net/ 

Martha Rosler - Artists - Mitchell-Innes & Nash. (n.d.). https://www.miandn.com/artists/martha-rosler